1. Some- Any- No- Every- 1
2. Some- Any- No- Every- 2
A. Count and Uncount Nouns
3. Singular count nouns, There Was
4. Plural count nouns, There Were
5. Uncount nouns, There was
B. Comparison
6. Adjectives, Comparatives, Superlatives
7. Superlatives, one
8. Superlatives, two
9. Superlatives, three
10. Superlatives, four
11. Comparatives, one
12. Comparatives, two
13. Comparatives, three
14. As big as
15. Less than, The Least, one
16. Less Than, The Least, two
C. Modal Auxiliary Verbs and Modal-like Verbs
17. Modal Auxiliary Verbs, Introduction
18. Can, 1 (ability, be able to)
19. Can, 2 (ability, be able to)
20. Can, 3 (ability, be able to)
21. Can, 4 (ability, be able to)
22. Can, 5: Business Skills
23. Can, 6: Business Skills
24. Can, 6: Business Skills
25. May Mustn’t; Permission Prohibition 1
26. May Mustn’t; Permission Prohibition 2
27. May Mustn’t; Permission Prohibition 3
28. Must, Have to (Strong Obligation) 1
29. Must, Have to (Strong Obligation) 2
30. Must, Have to (Strong Obligation) 3
31. Must, Have to (Strong Obligation) 4
32. Should I (Mild Obligation, Advice)
33. Should, II
34. Should III
35. Should IV
36. Be Used to (Be Accustomed to)
37. Used to, one (Past Habits, Activities)
38. Used to, two (Past Habits, Activities)
39. Used to, 3 (Past Habits, Activities)




D. Future Time
40. Future Time
41. Will for Predictions, I
42. Will for Predictions, II
43. Will for Predictions, III
44. Predictions for the Future, 1
45. Predictions for the Future, 2
46. Predictions for the Future, 3
47. Predictions for the Future, 4
48. Going to for Future Plans, one
49. Going to for Future Plans, two




E. Prepositions
50. Prepositions of Time, I
51. Prepositions of Time, II
52. Prepositions, other uses, I
53. Prepositions, other uses, II
F. Reading Texts
54. A Diplomat’s Daughter
55. The Village
56. Crazy English

Grammar Structures

Grammar is the system of how a language functions. This allows people to communicate clearly and effectively.

Grammar consists of numerous components: words, parts of speech, pronunciation, forms, sentence structures and usage.

Parts of Speech

We can categorize words into different parts of speech. The eight recognized classes are

• nouns
• pronouns
• verbs
• adjectives
• adverbs
• prepositions
• conjunctions
• interjections

Grammatical Structure

Grammatical structure meanwhile provides the framework to build meaningful sentences and other expressions. Its main features are

(1) syntax
(2) inflection
(3) function words

Syntax

Syntax refers to the word order in a sentence. In English, the subject generally comes first, followed by the verb. An object may come after the verb.

Subject Verb (Object)

In the sentence, “I walk,” ‘I’ is the subject, and ‘walk’ is the verb. In “The girl kicked the ball,” ‘The girl’ is the subject, ‘kicked’ is the verb, and ‘the ball’ is the object (the girl is the doer of the action; the ball is the receiver).

The arrangement “The girl the ball kicked” is nonsensical in English, though it may be correct in other languages.

Modification

Single words that modify nouns usually come before it, as in “A red bird flew by”, “The watch dog barked”, and “He watered the house plants.”

However phrases that modify nouns generally come after it: “I saw two people carrying backpacks.”

Inflection

In inflection, we change the meaning or function of words by varying their form.

English nouns, for example, have two inflections, the plural (house, houses; mouse, mice); and the possessive (the bird; the bird’s nest).

Inflection on pronouns indicates their case (We called them; they wrote to us).

Inflection on Verbs

With verbs, inflection shows tense and modification forms (talk, talked, talked, talking; go, went, gone, going), along with the third person, singular in the present tense (I eat pears; he eats radishes).

Base adjectives and adverbs become comparatives and superlatives (fast, faster, the fastest).

Function Words

Function words specify meanings and show relationships.

The sentence “The monkey climbed up the tree,” includes the preposition up. “Jackie watched TV, but Rosie went out,” has the conjunction but .

Auxiliary verbs modify the main verb in a sentence: “I will exercise…tomorrow”, “You must sign your name here”.

1. Does your native language emphasise syntax, inflection or both equally?
2. How does your language compare with English in terms of inflection? Which has more?
3. How similar is your language to English?
4. Which is easier or more difficult, English or other languages you are familiar with?
5. What is the most difficult part of (learning) English?
6. Do you find grammar fun? Is grammar fun for you?
7. Have your instructors used games or other activities to teach grammar? Do you still remember them?