Vocabulary

 

used to	discover	by extension
byword	vessel (2)	civilization
values	birthright	striking (2)
ancient	in a sense	achievement
believe	found (2)	portray (2)
foolish	intuition	character (2)
flaw	compare	trumped up
decide	in charge	give rise to
rule (2)	seafaring	demand (2)
fit (3)	judge (2)	systematically
vote	election	pessimistic
random	point (3)	teach/taught/taught
margin	citizenry	irresponsible
trireme	candidate	in charge of
set sail	describe	first hand experience
trial	head out	put on trial
jury	crucially	put to death
guilty	hemlock	condemnation
tragic	deep (2)	corrupt (2)
exploit	dialogue	suspicious
potion	rationally	Parthenon
elite	response	distinction
louche	wisdom	demagogue
debate	figure (3)	smooth-talking
erode	push (2)	smooth (2)
desire	disaster	adventure (2)
hurt	imagine	seek/sought/sought
feast	sweet (2)	charge (3)
rival	bitter (2)	narrow (2)
evil	issue (3)	charismatic
salient	audience	intellectual
uproar	effective	forget/forgot/forgotten
prefer	pleasant	ambiguous

 
 
 
 
 

Video

 

 
 
 
 

Transcript

We are used to thinking very highly of democracy, and by extension, of Ancient Athens, the civilization that gave rise to it. The Parthenon has become almost a byword for democratic values, which is why so many leaders of democracies like to be photographed there.

It’s therefore very striking to discover that one of Ancient Greece’s great achievements, philosophy, was highly suspicious of its other achievement, democracy.

The founding father of Greek Philosophy — Socrates — is portrayed, in the dialogues of Plato, as hugely pessimistic about the whole business of democracy.

In Book Six of The Republic, Plato describes Socrates falling into conversation with a character called Adeimantus, and trying to get him to see the flaws of democracy by comparing a society to a ship.

“If you were heading out on a journey by sea, asks Socrates, “who would you ideally want deciding who was in charge of the vessel? Just anyone, or people educated in the rules and demands of seafaring?”

“The latter, of course,” says Adeimantus.
“So why then,” responds Socrates, “do we keep thinking that any old person should be fit to judge who should be a ruler of a country?”

Socrates’s point is that voting in an election is a skill, not a random intuition. And like any skill, it needs to be taught systematically to people. Letting the citizenry vote without an education, is as irresponsible as putting them in charge of a trireme, sailing to Samos in a storm.

Socrates was to have first hand, catastrophic experience of the foolishness of voters. In 399 BC, the philosopher was put on trial, on trumped up charges of corrupting the youth of Athens.

A jury of five-hundred (500) Athenians was invited to weigh up the case and decide by a narrow margin that the philosopher was guilty. He was put to death by hemlock in a process which is, for thinking people, every bit as tragic as Jesus’s condemnation has been for Christians.

Crucially, Socrates was not elitist in the normal sense. He didn’t believe that a narrow few should only ever vote. He did, however, insist that only those who had thought about issues rationally and deeply, should be let near a vote.

We have forgotten this distinction between an intellectual democracy and a democracy by birthright. We have given the vote to all, without connecting it to wisdom.

And Socrates knew exactly where that would lead: to a system the Greeks feared above all — demagoguery.

Ancient Athens had painful experiences of demagogues, for example, the louche figure of Alcibiades, a rich, charismatic, smooth-talking wealthy man who eroded basic freedoms and helped to push Athens to its disastrous military adventures in Sicily.

Socrates knew how easily people seeking election could exploit our desire for easy answers. He asked us to imagine an election debate between two candidates, one who was like a doctor, and the other who was like a sweet shop owner.

The sweet shop owner would say of his rival: Look, this person here has worked many evils on you. He hurts you, gives you bitter potions and tells you not to eat and drink whatever you like. He’ll never serve you feasts of many and varied pleasant things like I will.”

Socrates asks us to consider the audience response: “Do you think the doctor would be able to reply effectively? The true answer: “I cause you trouble, and go against your desires in order to help you,” would cause an uproar among voters, don’t you think?

We have forgotten all about Socrates’s salient warning against democracy.

We have preferred to think of democracy as an unambiguous good — rather than as something that is only ever as effective as the education system that surrounds it.

As a result, we have elected many sweet shop owners, and very few doctors.

 

 

Questions

 
Authoritarianism, Autocracy. According to the video, everyone fully accepts democracy. Democracy is 100% perfect. Is this absolutely true, mostly true, in the middle, yes and no, perhaps, largely false or completely false?

Despotism, Dictatorship. Did all ancient Greek philosophers embrace democracy?

Totalitarianism, Tyranny. In the video, Socrates gave a lecture on his position regarding democracy. Is this right or wrong?

Oligarchy, Plutocracy. What analogy did he give concerning rulers and statesmen, and their appointment or selection?

Corruption, Graft, Bureaucracy. Did he believe only rich, powerful people should select leaders?

Nepotism, Cronyism, Favoritism. What were the two actual examples of flaws of democracy?

Chaos, Anarchy. What scenarios did Socrates give of voting for candidates?
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
When Socrates was asked why he didn’t like democracy, Socrates said he didn’t like democracy for three aspects.

1. One, he was critical of the influence of rhetoric and persuasive oratory in democratic politics. Socrates saw this as a manipulation of public opinion, where the focus shifted from truth and reason to winning popularity through rhetoric.

2. Two, he has a problem that in a democratic society, decisions are often made through majority rule, where the opinions of the majority hold sway. He believed that the majority is not always capable of making informed and wise decisions.

3. Three, he also expressed concerns about the potential for tyranny of the majority in a democracy. He questioned whether the majority, due to their passions and self-interest could oppress or marginalize minority groups or individuals who held dissenting views.

 

 

Questions

 

Republic, President. Socrates believed democracy was a perfect system. True or false? What are three main reasons Socrates distrusted or was skeptical about democracy?

Legislature, Senate, Congress. During election campaigns, speeches and press releases, all information and platforms are based solely on objectivity and facts. Is this right or wrong?

Judiciary, Supreme Court. In any society, do the people always know what’s best?

Bureaus, Departments, Agencies. Can a “democracy” become a tyranny?

Democracy, Freedom This documentary is anti-democracy, and wishes to do away with democracy. What do you think?

Monarchy. Do you think there is some veiled political message?

Legislature, Parliament, Senate, Congress. Do you completely agree, mostly agree, partially agree, partially disagree, largely disagree or completely disagree with the assessment?

Vote, Election. What might happen in the future?

Justice, Liberty. What should people and governments (and schools) do? Is the government perfect? How could it be
reformed?